Program-for-Results (PforR) operation (with an IPF Technical Assistance component) to strengthen urban management and improve access to efficient and climate-resilient urban water and sanitation (WSS) services across participating Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Tamil Nadu. The Program supports two mutually reinforcing results areas: (1) urban governance, institutional performance, and climate resilience (including City Climate Action Plans, revenue mobilization, and women’s leadership in climate committees), and (2) WSS service delivery and reforms (including performance-based contracts, climate-resilient designs, metering/tariff reforms, and service expansion). Approved December 21, 2023; effective April 22, 2024; planned closing December 31, 2030. Implementing agencies: Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL) and Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA). Current ratings: PDO and IP Satisfactory; overall risk Substantial. Disbursements under IBRD-96250 are underway against verified DLIs.